An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay

An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay The France government is a semi presidential system which follows the fifth republic of the French constitution. The France declares them as the secular, social, individual and democratic republic. The government of France divides into a legislative, a judicial branch and an executive. The prime minister shares the executive powers with the president. Parliament consists of the Senate and the national assembly. It passes vote and statutes on the budget and it also controls the works of the executive through questioning in the parliament house and by organizing enquiry commission. The members of the constitutional council are appointed by the president of national assembly, the president of the senate and the president of the republic. The judiciary system of the France is based on the civil law system which was evolved from Napoleonic codes. The judiciary system is divided into the administrative code and the judicial branch. They have their own supreme court of appeal like Conseil d à ©tat for the administrative purpose and Court of Cassation for judicial purpose. The French government also has various bodies to check whether the powers are abused by anyone or not. France was also the founding member of the European Union. (introduction) History France was one of an earliest country which changes from feudalism to nation state. The monarchs of the France were surrounded with the capable ministers. French armies were the most disciplined, professional and innovative of their day. The dominant power in Europe was France during the power of Louis XIV from year 1643 to 1715. In the 18th century, the Louis government faced financial problem due to the military campaigns and overly ambitious projects. The main causes of French revolution during the year 1789 to 1794 were resentment against the political system and deteriorate economic conditions. Although the revolutionaries follow egalitarian and republican principles of government but the French government reverted to form constitutional monarchy about four times. The four monarchial governments were the restoration of Louis XVIII, the empire of Napoleon, the second Empire of napoleon III and the reign of Louis Philippe. The third republic was formed after the Prussian Franco wa r in 1870 and lasted till the defeat of the military in year 1940. During the World War I the great loss of material and troops occurred. France government formed the huge border defenses known as the Maginot Line and alliances to defeat the German strength in the year 1920. Although France was defeated early in the world war III then also they gain the power again in June 1940. In July 1940 France was divided into two sections. One section was ruled by Germens and another was controlled by the Vichy France. But in year 1942, the Italian and German force conquered the France including Vichy region also and formed the allied forces. In 1944, Allied force liberated France after four year of occupation and services. After the world war II France faces new problems. Initially the provisional government was led by Gen. Charles de Gaulle but after the short period of time the fourth republic was formed by the new constitution. It was parliamentary form of government which was controlled b y series of coalitions. The lack of agreement between the French military and the members of the constitution was the main cause of the change of the government. On May 13, 1958 finally the government structure collapsed due to the tremendous pressure which was generated by the four years war with Algeria. In June 1958, fifth republic was formed and General de Gaulle became the prime minister and in December of the same year he was elected as a president. After the seven year in the 20th century, the people of France for the first time got the liberty to elect their president through ballot system. De Gaulle won the election after defeating Francois Mitterrand with 55% share of vote. After elected as a president of the country De Gaulle conducted a referendum which was concern on the creation of twenty one with the less political powers. But this proposal was rejected by the members of the government after that he resigned from his post. After him, Gaullist Georges Pompidou was elec ted as president for year 1969 to 1974 then Valery Giscard dEstaing for year 1974 to 1981. After that Francois Mitterrand was elected for year 1981 to 1995 and then neo-Gaullist Jacques Chirac for year 1995 to 2007. Nicolas Sarkozy was elected in May 2007 as sixth president of France under the fifth republican. It remarks as increasing of social and economic reforms. During the five year term of Sarkozy, he faced tremendous pressure to improve the economy, employment rate and reduce the sizable budget deficit of the government. He has also reintegrated the north Atlantic treaty organization with France. (history of france government) Governmental Structure In year 1958, public referendum approved the constitution of the fifth republic. According to this constitution the president was elected for the seven year term but in 2002 the presidential period of work got reduced to five years. In year 2008, the new constitutional reform was passed again which limits the presidential period to two consecutive terms. The next legislative and presidential elections are scheduled in year 2012. The executive branch of France is consisting of the prime minister, the president, the bureaucracies of many ministries and the government. The president has the right to elect the prime minister, rules over the cabinet and gives the instruction to the armed forces. The president also has right to submit the question to the referendum. At the time of emergency the president has rule by decree and dictatorial powers but with permission of the parliament. The head of the government is prime minister and his cabinet is composed of minister delegates, secretaries of state and number of ministers. Under the fifth republic, president leaves the day to day policy decision to the prime minister and its government. Every year the members of parliament meet once for the nine month session. Under the special situation the president has special right to call the additional session. Even the legislative branch has few executive powers then also the national assembly has power to remove the existing government if the votes of the members are in majority. The parliament of France consists of a Senate and a National Assembly. The principle legislative body of France is national assembly. The members of national assembly are elected for the five year through voting. The Electoral College has the right to choose the senators. In 2003 a new rule is passed the senators will serve for six years but one half of the members will be renewed after three years. The legislative powers of the senators are limited as compared to the national assembly. Initially the government has power to solve the agenda of parliament but after the constitutional reform which was passed in 2008 parliament got the right to solve their own agenda. In July 2008, a new constitutional reform was passed which limited the process to one bill in each session, finance on the social security and to the vote for the national budget. Impact assessment is necessary from the September 2009, for all the draft laws which is going to the parliament and the council state. The best feature of the judicial system of the French is that the council of state protects the basic rights when it is violated by the action of the state and constitutional council protects the basic laws when it is violated by the new laws. The function of the constitutional council is different from the council of state and they provide the justice to the citizens who have claimed against the administration. There are various ordinary courts such as the criminal courts, the police courts, the industrial courts and the commercial courts which settle the disputes which arise between the citizens and also between the corporation and the citizens. The cases which were judged by the ordinary court can be reviewed by the court of appeals. Political system On May 16, 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy joined the office under the Fifth republic as the sixth president. On April 22, 2007 during the first round of election, Nicolas Sarkozy placed first, the head of the Union for popular movement party. The Segolene Royal, the candidate of socialist, placed second. Francois Bayrou of centrist placed third and Jean Marie Le pen of extremist was placed fourth. In the second round of the election on May 6, 2007, Sarkozy defeated Segolene Royal by 53.06%. The defeat of Royal in the presidential election was the third largest defeat of the any Socialist candidate. The focal point of the campaign of the Sarkozys party was to implement the various reform like economic and market oriented reforms. After electing as the president he first gave the green signal to implement these reforms and worked on the European Union treaty which was rejected in the year 2005. The voters of France also show their desire to renew the France and United state relationship. The pre sident Sarkozy basically concentrate on improving the performance of the economy of France through labor market liberalization, taxes and higher education. During the legislative elections which was held on July 10, 2007, the UMP won by the large majority. This gives them an advantage during the European Parliament election in year 2007. They won by 27.88% from the Socialists. During the first year of service, Sarkozy removed the income taxes on the overtime works and increase the pension period of the retirees. (political system) Conclusion The France government follows the semi presidential system. The French government divides into the three parts. One is legislative, other is executive and last one is judicial. The France president has degree of the executive powers. The prime minister which is appointed by the president has highest number of executive powers. Then we studied the history of the France government before the World War II and the till now. Then we discuss the governmental structure of the France government. It is consist of the prime minister, president and the Member of Parliament. The parliament of France consists of the national assembly and the senate. The member of the national assembly was elected for the five years and the member of senate was elected for the six years. The judiciary system of France consists of the various local and the supreme courts which solve various types of problems at each level. Then the political structure of France government is discussed. The political structure of Fr ance consists of various political parties like UMP, extremists, socialist etc.

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) from first principles Essay

Explain the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) from first principles. EOQ, or Economic Order Quantity, was developed by F. W. Harris in1913, even if R. H. Wilson is recognized for his early deeply analysis of the model. Harris’s original pape was disseminated; it actually was ignored for many years before its rediscovery in 1988. During this period, a lot misunderstanding developed over the origin of the EOQ model. The model is defined as the optimal quantity of orders that minimizes total variable costs required to order and hold inventory. The first part of the essay will explain the principles of the EOQ and gives an idea about how it works. Second part will sets out its advantages and disadvantages. EOQ is not a simple solution but an instrument, which enable the firm to determine the order size that will reduce the total inventory costs, by calculating an economic order quantity. It refers to the most favourable order volume that will result in the lowest total of order and carrying costs for an article of inventory given its expected usage, carrying costs and ordering cost. Thus, by dint of its principles, the EOQ tool can be used to form the quantity of inventory that the firm should order each month. Indeed, there are two categories of costs that need to be considered: ordering costs and carrying costs (also called holding costs) which must be defined. Holding cost, carrying cost is the cost associated with having inventory on hand. It is made up of the costs linked with the inventory investment and storage cost. For the use of the EOQ calculation, the cost must change based upon the quantity of inventory on hand in order to be included in carrying cost. In the EOQ formula, carrying cost is represented as the annual cost per average on hand inventory unit. The interest rate would be part of the carrying cost if a loan is required to pay for your inventory. If there are loans on other capital items, the use of the interest rate on those loans is possible since a reduction in inventory would free up money that could be used to pay these loans. If you are debt free you would need to determine how much you could make if the money was invested. Insurance costs are also a part of carrying cost since they are directly related to the total value of the inventory. If a payment of any taxes on the value of the inventory is necessary they would also be included. Mistakes in calculating storage costs are frequent in EOQ implementations. Generally, companies take all costs associated with the warehouse and divide it by the average inventory to determine a storage cost percentage for the EOQ calculation. This tends to include costs that are not directly affected by the inventory levels and does not compensate for storage characteristics. Carrying costs for the purpose of the EOQ calculation should only include costs that are variable based upon inventory levels. As to the ordering cost, it is associated with processing the order, by receipt and settlement of the suppliers bills. The marginal cost of the additional order can be appraised; its a fixed cost, independent of the size of the order. When the order quantity (Q) increases, the total ordering costs decrease while the total carrying costs increase. The economic order quantity, denoted by Q, is that value at which the total cost of both ordering and carrying will be minimized. The total cost curve reaches its minimum at the point of intersection between the ordering costs curve and the carrying costs line. The value of Q corresponding to it will be the economic order quantity Q. The EOQ formula can be used in order to improve the management of supply, even if there is any information concerning the costs. It can reduce the value of the average inventory for the same order load and decrease the order load for the same average inventory. The advantage of the EOQ formula is that it provides a baseline for getting the best deal. It helps you purchase what you are going to use and keeps you from over purchasing to get deals from vendors. The disadvantages are obvious if you have a high periodicity or seasonality to your consumption, or your usage is minimal. EOQ should only be applied to higher volume items that are worth inventorying; for example, using EOQ to order memory chips for a retail computer store can be detrimental since the demand can vary greatly and the risk that they will become obsolete is high. Knowing and understanding both historical and future demand, and maintaining a sane safety stock are the keys to use EOQ reliably. Furthermore, there should not have seasonality. Sources: internet: http://www.eoq.org/start.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_order_quantity

Evaluating Interventions that Address Antisocial Behavior in Victims of Child Abuse Free Essay Example, 2500 words

The survey will include interviews with the students, teachers and parents, in order to apply the results of the literature review to an analysis of which intervention methods are liekly to prove efefctive and where improvements or refinements may be necessary. Literature Review: In their book titled â€Å"Take back your life: recovering from cults and abusive relationships†, Lalich and Tobias (2006) have pointed put that those individuals who are in abusive relationships or have been as children, are prone to suffer from fear, confusion, low self esteem and post-traumatic stress. In the process of achieving healing from the abuse that has taken place, they have highlighted the importance of the therapist’s role in the restoration of the self esteem of the victims. In the case of victims of child abuse, anti social behavior is the result of the low self esteem and self hatred that most victims feel, therefore anti social behavior cannot be effectively addressed through purely punitive measures, rather it must be tackled from the perspective of bringing healing and restoration of the self esteem of the victim and the removal of feelings of anger, guilt and shame. In a study conducted by Donnellan et al (2005), a significant correlation was fou nd between low self esteem and its externalization in the forms of delinquency, aggression and anti social behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating Interventions that Address Antisocial Behavior in Victims of Child Abuse or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This was a study that involved participants from various countries as well as feedback on child behavior from parents and teachers and clearly established that the claims that narcissism in individuals produces anti social behavior is not well founded, since it is the lack of self esteem that leads victims of child abuse to externalize their feelings of shame and guilt through anti social behavioral patterns. Another recent study conducted by Mondragon (2006) examined the key predictors of violent behavior among adolescents, and one of the factors that was examined was family violence and abuse. The study found a significant relationship between the level of family violence and abuse and defiant behavior in juveniles. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that in dealing with anti social behavior, it is first necessary to address the symptoms of low self esteem which are the behavioral triggers that lead to aggression in juveniles. Intervention in child abuse: In a study conducted on child abuse in the United States, Nagi (1978) has examined several issues such as the reporting of child abuse, the response to such reports, the services available to deal with such child abuse and intervention services including custody and placement of the child, decision making and coordination of programs.

Lenses of Education - 1051 Words

Education is a main factor that Socrates discusses throughout his trial in the â€Å"Apology† and in â€Å"Meno.† One of the main factors discussed in both texts are the role of teachers in society and if Socrates is a teacher. Socrates also relates past stories or experiences when giving his dialogues. This allows him to explain his thoughts and reasons on certain topics. One final factor that plays a role in both the â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Meno† is the role of the gods through the dialogues. Teachers, stories, and the role of gods all play a key role in the â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Meno† as Socrates attempts to explain and expand upon his views of education. In the â€Å"Apology† Socrates states that he is not a teacher because he does not charge a fee, such as Gorgias or Leontini do (pg. 24, 19 d-e). Socrates does not consider himself a teacher because he does not charge a fee, and he also does not preach what he does not know. According to Socrates, those who have obtained great knowledge in certain subjects such as politics or poetry often come to the conclusion that they have knowledge about everything and therefore can teach about anything the choose (pg. 27, 23b). However, Socrates believes he is wiser than most because he does not preach what he does not know. Rather, he looks for those who do know the answers and then questions them to understand their thoughts about the topic. Thus, Socrates gains his education from questioning rather than pretending just as Meno points this out in the â€Å"Meno.†Show MoreRelatedBecoming a Criticallly Reflective Teacher by Stephen D. Brookfield1349 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way th ey respond to a specific teacher’s lessons. Establishing Effectiveness through Brookfield’s Four Lenses In his book, Brookfield postulates that teachers must take on the task of critically evaluating their teaching practices, which must in turn take the form of critical reflections. In this regard, teachers must look at their teaching practices and philosophies through four lenses: 1. As teachers and learners: this establishes the assumptions that teachers have while teaching and instructingRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 Pagesor group work and the progression students make over a certain period of time. Teachers and theories stand as tools for understanding, and can serve as a lens for viewing the world and making sense of it. Theories of children’s play provide diverse lenses shaped by the many disciplines that have contributed to our knowledge of play (Sutton-Smith, 1997, 1999/ Frost). Many theories about children’s play can be described in terms of rhetoric of progress, How a student is perceived is often wrongly basedRead MoreTaking a Look at Hegemonic Assumptions1237 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious material. Brookfield born in 1949 in England is a scholar in adult education he deals a huge amount with reflective practice and how to become a critically reflective teacher. He felt that in order to achieve this we had to view and reflect upon our teaching through four lenses. The four lenses are our own view, the view of the students, the view of fellow professionals, and the various theoretical views found in education literature. Our own view should be laid out in the form of an autobiographyRead MoreEssay on Optometry841 Words   |  4 Pages Over half the people in the United States wear glasses or contact lenses. Optometrist, also known as â€Å"Eye Doctors† or â€Å"O.D.’s, have to provide there services in order to meet the demands. Optometrists have to be well-educated and friendly people. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All States and the District of Columbia require that optometrists be licensed, which requires a Doctor of Optometry degree from an accredited optometry school and passing both a written and a clinical State board examinationRead MoreEthics Game Reflective Journal1042 Words   |  5 Pagesa situation of ethical concern. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the ethical issues presented in the Ethics Game simulation, the decision-making process used to determine the solution to the dilemma, and apply concepts from the Ethical Lenses to my work place. Ethical Dilemmas Presented The first case presented in the Ethics Game simulation involves a pregnant minor and her parents. Rachel Banks, a pregnant16 year old female who arrived at the hospital has been in labor for more thanRead MoreIts A Patriarchal World Analysis1550 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Success Based on Gender Discrimination Globally   Ã‚  Ã‚   Privilege is a word that may be used in a plethora of contexts, one of the least common, however, is the privilege of education and success. Privilege can be defined as an advantage that a person or group holds. A common ideology is that education is a crucial necessity for a successful life, and it can be the deciding factor in one’s attainment of a great career. This ideology is astounding in theory, but crippling in reality. ItRead MoreThe Theories, Social Transmission Versus Social Transformational Theories1548 Words   |  7 Pageswhich all knowledge flows; rather, the teacher assumes the peripheral position of facilitator. The teacher encourages, offers suggestions, questions, and helps plan and implement courses of study† (Sadovnik, 2006). There is an on-going debate in education about what are the most affective theories, social transmission versus social transformational theories. DeMarrais (1994) described theories of transmission as, â€Å"concerned with description of the structural aspects of society and with how existingRead MoreThe Education System Involving Student Writing1497 Words   |  6 Pages Education is a vital part of today’s society, therefore proper education is extremely important for students. Of all subjects and information taught, the most important is how to be a good writer. This knowledge can help students no matter what job they pursue after college. Writing is always involved, whether it is writing an email to your boss or a thirty page lab report, it will always be necessary. Yet nowadays there is an issue in our educational system involving student writing. Essays andRead MoreGame of Ethics Eth/316 Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesgeographic regions of people and societies. The various results of the Ethics Game Dilemma placed values on decisions made throughout the simulation based on Cathryn Baird’s â€Å"Four Core Lenses; rights, relationships, results, and reputation† (Center of Education for Law and Democracy, 2010, para. 1). The lenses take into account the decision-making process impacting individuals, a group of people, the pending result, and the effect on reputation. One decision in an organization could have impactRead MoreBiography Of Richard Dawkins s Meme 914 Words   |  4 Pagesabout women and men which have triumphed: that they have essentially different psychological and sexual nature, that men are inherently the dominant sex, and that both happen naturally. In regard to Bem’s Lenses of Gender there are two lenses which would fit into the idea of memes. These lenses are: Lens of Androcentrism or male-centeredness, this is when men are treated as human and women are viewed as â€Å"other† and the Lens of G ender Polarization during which the male-female difference is overlaid