Catholic Church And Contraception Essay Example For Students

Catholic Church And Contraception Essay The issue of contraception has been a very questionable and discussed onein the Catholic Church. The Catholic religion proclaims that the threerequirements for sound sexual articulation incorporate a shared physical drive forpleasure, closeness and submitted love between the couple, and the receptiveness toprocreation and child rearing kids. This last perspective is the subject of muchdisagreement between individuals both inside and outside the congregation network. Theauthoritative voice of the congregation, the Magisterium, holds that artificialcontraception is a transgression and just acknowledges the type of contraception called NaturalFamily Planning. This technique includes dodging sex during certaintimes of the month and will be clarified in more detail without further ado. There aresituations which are contended ought to be special cases, for example, assault, a family whoalready has kids and can manage the cost of no more, and the general soundness of thecouple engaged with the sexual relationship. The perspective of the Church is anold one, yet the Magisterium claims that it won't change at any point in the near future. Thereare a wide range of kinds of contraception accessible. Type one classifiedcontraception incorporates obstruction techniques, for example, condoms, stomachs, the cervicalcap, and spermicides. Type two arranged contraception is hormonal methods,such as conception prevention pills, crisis contraception or the morning afterpill, IUDs and Norplant. Type three contraception is Natural FamilyPlanning, the main kind endorsed by the Church. Characteristic Family Planning issometimes mistook for the mood strategy, however it in reality progressively viable thanrhythm. NFP is a technique that includes cautious guideline of a womansmenstrual cycle to decide when her prolific period falls starts. The day ofovulation and a couple of days before is viewed as a womans ripe periodand by either keeping away from or partaking in intercourse during n owadays, awoman can diminish or build her odds of pregnancy separately. The signsthat a lady is near ovulation are an expansion in basal temperature, changesin vaginal emissions, an opening of the cervical os, physical side effects such ascramps or touchiness, and an increment in sexual want. It is significant tocarefully screen every one of these viewpoints to guarantee legitimate avoidance of pregnancy. This training is acknowledged by the Catholic Church since they guard that theintegration of closeness among accomplices and the receptivity to reproduction arenot deterred. It is essential to see how we wound up at the instructing thechurch now holds managing contraception and sexuality. All through thecenturies, a wide range of choices from the congregation have affected the viewthat is presently held. In 306, the Council of Elvira found that a minister who wassexually personal with their better half the night prior to a mass would lose his employment. Atthe Council of Nicea in 325, the standard that ministers couldn't wed after beingordained was made, and in 385, they could no longer lay down with their spouses. The principal modesty rules were then being shaped for strict individuals. St. Augustine profoundly affected sexual lessons. He lived from 354-430 as aphilosopher and scholar, as of late changed over from a corrupt life. It isbelieved that St. Augustine built up the principal systematized lessons of sexuality. He profoundly accepted the way of thinking of Manichaeism, which expresses that issue isevil restricted to soul. His lessons were quite certain and exacting. Stoicphilosophy impacted St. Augustine to necessitate that multiplication be the primaryfocus of sex and marriage. This educating was held in the churchall the route until Vatican II. St. Augustine was the first to denounce abstinenceduring the fruitful period and intercourse interruptus. He didn't accept thatthe joy associated with sex ought to in any capacity be the inspiration, yet wasacceptable as an essential reaction. St. Augustine didn't see sex interms of adoration or articulation, yet basically as a procreative demonstration important forever. The Second Council of Tours in 567 banished any strict individual discovered inbed with their significant other. In 580, the congregation head was Pope Pelagius II who had arather easygoing attitude toward sexual issues. He would not like to trouble the clergyand rather looked the other route from the defilement going on. Pope Gregory theGreat served from 590-604 and expressed that all sexual want in any structure waswrong. All through the world, sexuality was a key issue. Seventh century Francefound most clerics to be hitched. Germany, in the eighth century, reportedthrough St. Boniface that barely any ministers were following their call tocelibacy. The Council of Aix-la-Chapelle in 836 found that premature births and killingof newborn children were being drilled in cloisters and religious communities to concealuncelibate exercises of the strict staff. St. Ulrich fixed thisproblem by permitting ministers to wed. St. Thomas Aquinas was a key religiousfigure of the Scholastic Period. He was the first to freely examine thegoodness of sexuality with reason. He focused on the utilization of ones still, small voice todetermine what is good and bad. He, too, concurred that sexuality andmarriage ought to have its primary reason as multiplication. Despite the fact that Aquinas held thebeliefs of numerous previous scholars, there was more tolerance towards sexualpleasure. Pope Boniface IX surrendered the papacy so as to wed in 1045. In1074, Pope Gregory VII made it important for anybody being appointed to take anoath of chastity. The furthest point of this was seen in 1095 when Pope Urban II soldthe spouses of ministers into subjection and left all offspring of them relinquished. TheFirst Lateran Council occurred in 1123, where Pope Calistus II saw allclerical relationships as formally invalid. This chamber was upheld in theSecond Lateran Council. The Renaissance was rapidly drawing closer and literatureand craftsmanship were starting to pressure multiplication seeing s omeone. The Council ofTrent, from 1543-1563, announced that chastity and virginity were predominant tomarriage. St. Alphonsus Ligouri, a specialist of the congregation, was one of the first tostate that a significant piece of marriage was a methods for sexual articulation. TheTwentieth Century carried with it a large number of the most huge records andmeetings impacting todays position on sexuality and contraception. TheLambeth Conference occurred in 1930 and concluded that couples could makedecisions about contraception themselves, yet that contraceptives were notapproved by the Church in any capacity. Pope Pius XI composed his encyclical, CastiiConubii, in 1940, expressing that reproduction ought to be the essential end for sexualintercourse in a marriage. He expressed any utilization of marriage whatever, in theexercise of which the demonstration is denied of its characteristic intensity of reproducing life,violates the law of God and nature, and the individuals who submit anythi ng of this kindare set apart with the stain of grave sin. (Pope Pius XI). In his Address toMidwives in 1951, Pope Pius XII denounced fake contraceptives and declaredthat this decision couldn't be changed. Pope Pius XII did, in any case, condoneNatural Family Planning and the cadence strategy and turned into the first run through to allowsex separated from reproduction. In 1965, Vatican Council II: Constitution on theChurch in the Modern World occurred. Pope Paul VI postponed settling on a choice onthe recommendation to have human instinct and his goes about as the administering guideline insexuality at this meeting. He was anticipating the introduction by Pope JohnXXIII of the choices made at the Meetings of the Birth Control Commission,which occurred from 1963-1966. Scholars, cardinals, clerics, ministers, andlaypeople met to examine sexual issues, including that of contraception. Thedecision came to was that the past lessons of the congregation were notinfallible, that counterfeit contraception was not detestable, and that Catholicfamilies ought to have opportunity to choose their strategy for family arranging. Thesedecisions, in any case, were toppled by Pope Paul VI in Humanae Vitae in 1968. Weed Essay ThesisMany individuals see trust in change sooner rather than later regardless of the request by theChurch that these choices are conclusive. One cloister adherent has even stood out as truly newsworthy byresigning her sisterhood and commitment to God as a result of her contradiction withthe way Church has managed these issues. Sr. Lavinia Byrne clarifies herposition by expressing I am leaving a result of the weight from theCongregation for the Doctrine of the confidence the weight has gotten painful. They are utilizing methods that appear to have a place with mother age and are behavinglike the Inquisition. I feel harassed. (Malcolm 8). There are a few reasons whythe present educating can be changed be that as it may. Right off the bat, the instructing of HumanaeVitae isn't faultless, yet is just a piece of Catholic convention. Common lawdetermines an enormous segment of lessons all through time and as the way societyworks changes, the lessons of the Church move with it. There is no purenature and there is consistently space for change and this could prompt a change ofteaching. Additionally, the Church, before, followed numerous practices that seemridiculous today, for example, servitude, extravagances, and oppression of ladies. Theculture that these practices were in changed, and in this way, so did the position of theChurch. This has start a trend that is required to be followed. Contraceptionhas been named a human sin, yet this would require a grave issue, fullknowledge of ear nestness of what you are doing, and sound assent of psyche andwill. The flawed angle is the gravity of the transgression. The devoted individuals ofthe Church people group have, generally, dismissed the present educating. Indeed, even those Catholics who are incredibly strict use contraceptives, and usuallyfor awesome explanation. An alarmingly high level of Catholics use artificialbirth control, and not many concur with the Church on the fiendishness included withcontraception. Normal Law was named as one of the elements associated with thetemporary status of the present educating. There are numerous distinctions in howsexuality is joined

How to boost your academic potential in 4 steps

How to boost your academic potential in 4 steps How to boost your academic potential in 4 steps? Home›Tips for Students›How to boost your academic potential in 4 steps? Tips for StudentsThe pursuit of academic excellence is not a bad of roses and that is the reason why many students give up studying with the idea that intellectual development is not what they are able to successfully deal with. However, this is not always true. Very often it is enough simply to change some of your habits and find learning techniques that best suit you. Qualitycustomessays.com is going to give you some hints on how to do your best as a student:Get organized. Regardless of the kind of a planner you use (either a printed calendar or an online task management service), it is important to schedule all your things-to-do in a way to make the best use of your precious time. It is important to remember that the main purpose of every schedule is to prioritize tasks based on their importance. Note also that some of them are able to change their value, s o learn to adapt your schedule accordingly.Create your ideal learning environment. Whether it is some quiet and well lit room or some other place to distance yourself from all possible distractions, it is important to find a perfect place to stimulate your intellectual growth, for example, in order to work on your academic writing assignment. If to speak about time, be 100% committed to the subject you are studying, but remember the importance of making breaks once in a while. Make sure you devote all your intellectual resources to one issue at a time.Balance studying and other commitments. Contrary to stereotypes about bookworms, the most successful students excel both in classroom as well as in other spheres of life. For example, getting acquainted with your classmates may be as important as getting prepared for your next exam. This will allow you not only to change the scenery a bit, but also to borrow some new learning techniques from your peers. By the way, why not to organize a study group? Those meetings are based on the need as well as driven by the purpose to ace the subject.Last, but not the least important factor to influence your academic potential is to avoid undertaking too much work or too many tasks. Dont take on too much, or you wont be able to do any of it well. If to speak about academic writing, our highly qualified writers always will be of great help for you with your assignments! Benefit from cooperation with us and boost your academic potential!

Investigating The Interaction Of Reader Perspective And...

200PY - Research Practical Report Assignment Part 1: RP2 Research Practical 2: To investigate the interaction of reader perspective and relevance on item recall. Objective The aim of the study was to achieve replication of Pichert and Andersen’s (1977) study. Pitchert and Andersen’s conducted a study in which they asked participants to read a story and after participants were given different perspectives from which they could recall it, they were either homebuyer or the burglar perspective or none at all. 2 hypotheses were gatheredfor this study; the 1st was Burglar perspective participants will recall more burglar items than house buyer perspective participants will and the 2nd was House buyer perspective participants will recall†¦show more content†¦A distractor task (counting triangles) was undertaken after participants were asked to recall as much of the story as possible after which they were scored then the students were debriefed. 174 Students participated in the study. The study sample was randomly assigned to two independent groups. Results The results of this study showed that those participants that were recalling valuable items scored higher than the participants that were recalling household items. The test assumption indicated that Mauchly’s test was not violated X2 (0) = .000, p.05. This is because there are two covariances. A 2 (perspective: housebuyer/burglar) x 2 (perspective revelance: household items/burglar items) between subjects ANOVA was performed on the data. The main effect revealed that the recalled item scores differed significantly over the two perspectives, F(1, 175) = 128.83, p .001 From the data collected a significant difference can be seen in the group’s scores particularly in performance avoidance skills. But to make sure we have analysed this correctly a post hoc test was performed to find out exactly where the differences were. The homogeneity variance assumption was tested to see whether the variance of the scores are the same for the three groups, the significance is greater than 0.05. The significance was 0.70. The homogeneity variance was not violated it and the assumption has been proved. Because there is a significant difference between the groups, we

Essay about Twelve Angry Men Juror 3 - 739 Words

12 Angry Men Essay Juror#3 In a crowded jury room in downtown New York, opinions collide as discussion about the innocence of a young boy is decided. The dark and foreboding storm clouds that hang over the heads of the jurors are beginning to lift as time progresses and new facts are presented. One juror is not happy about this stay of execution and is holding fast his opinion of guilty. Juror three, the president of his business, refuses to alter his vote or opinion in any way. Still haunted by his own son, juror three verbally assaults the group with a forceful tone and a taciturn attitude. One of twelve, Reginald Rose created them all from the same pen and ink, and they could all be no more different. Juror three is angry,†¦show more content†¦Seeing his chance, he is firmly set on this boys guilt, seeing his own sons guilt in the accused. But it does not stop there. Throughout the play, juror three interrupts others in mid-sentence and attacks their opinions hoping to quash them quickly before th ey pollute his own flawless opinion and doubt has a chance to creep into the dark crevices of his mind. For instance, when juror eight surprises the group with a second knife, juror three is already angry, too angry. His voice rises and shakes with an animal-like ferocity. You pulled a real bright trick here. Now supposing you tell us what you proved here. Maybe there are ten knives like that one. So what? Not thinking that this put a dent in his case, juror eights brains have overcome the emotions of juror three. With a very short temper to go along with his all-powerful attitude, juror three is not a nice person. Already he has threatened death towards one of the other jurors and would have made good the threat had it not been for the decisive actions of the other jurors who jumped up to hold him back.. An acrimonious and blind-sighted executioner, juror #3 is one of many that an innocent victim would not want to decide their fate. Unfortunately, democracy does not only apply to t he fair and just, and undoubtedly innocent men and women have fallen prey to the unwavering wrath of menShow MoreRelatedThe Twelve Angry Men Juror 3 and Juror 8 Comparing Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesComparison essay comparing Juror 3 and Juror 8 What are some similarities between Jurors 3 and 8? What about differences? Oh gosh, its been years since Ive seen the movie (didnt read the play).   Okay,  Juror  #3 is the angry father, and Juror #8 is the guy who stands alone in the INNOCENT vote, right? I suspect the similarities are easier to find by reading the play because the movie really shows their contrasts. There is one similarity in that when they really believe something, theyRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Juror 3 and Juror 8 from Twelve Angry Men1045 Words   |  5 Pages In the play â€Å"Twelve Angry men†, the story line presents a variety of perspectives and opinions between twelve very different men. Some are more likely to be pointed out as prejudice, and others are more focused on reaching fair justice. Clearly, it is quite difficult for different people to vote ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’ in unity when coming to a fair decision. In all of the twelve jurors, I have chosen Juror 3 and Juror 8 for contrast and comparison. I believe that Juror number 3 is a very opinionatedRead MoreThe Crucible And Twelve Angry Men Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the United States judicial system; The Crucible by Arthur Miller, and Twelve Angry Men by Reginald rose extol the pursuit of justice while questioning the place of prejudice in the judicial system. These plays unveil the fact that; only by overcoming and setting aside prejudices can justice be attained. The Crucible takes place during puritan times when the word of mouth was proof of guilty, while Twelve Angry Men takes place during the 20th century when the word of mouth must be proven trueRead MorePrejudice, Prejudice And Prejudice1190 Words   |  5 Pageslooking at things with their discriminatory perspective. In 12 Angry Men and To Kill A Mockingbird, both authors effectively show how bias and prejudice can obscure the truth. In 12 Angry Men, Juror 10 and Juror 3 are shown as characters who find the boy on trial guilty due to their narrow mindedness and/or bigotry. Juror 10 believes that the boy is guilty due to the bias he has over people living in the slums, while on the other hand Juror 3 believes that the defendant is guilty due to experiences heRead More12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: HRMG6200 Organization in New Economy Assignment: Twelve Angry Men Movie The movie Twelve Angry Men is about the twelve jurors that could adjust their influence in a decision-making process for conviction an eighteen years-old boy, whether the boy guilty or not guilty in murdering of his father. It represents a perfect example for applicable of a work group development framework. It also has examples of influence techniques among a group’s members. This paper is looking at those specificRead More12 Angry Men Conflicts Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesTwelve Angry Men (1957) showed several example of conflicts within the film. I will examine how each conflict was managed, which conflicts were resolved and how, along with the kinds of effects each of these conflicts caused in the film. 3 Types of Conflict There are three types of conflict are shown within the film Twelve Angry Men. Pseudo, simple, and ego are the three types of interpersonal conflict displayed by the twelve jurors. In the small group of twelve jurors, each member of the juryRead MoreTwelve Angry Men Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesIts not easy to stand alone against the ridicule of others. Twelve Angry Men is more than a play, it is a reminder of our social responsibility. Discuss. Twelve Angry Men is a legal drama, written by Reginald Rose during the heightened period of 1950s McCarthyism. The didactic play presents a cross section, examining 1950s America during a period of immense suspicion and uncertainty. Roses play reminds us of the importance of responsibility and integrity, emphasising qualities such as courageRead MoreTension in Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesTension in Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men Twelve Angry Men is set in summertime New York, 1957. Where a juvenile delinquent is put on trial for stabbing his violent father in the chest with a unique knife. A jury of twelve men is ordered by the judge to vote guilty if there is no reasonable doubt. In the ballot: eleven vote guilty, but one feels the need to discuss the boys guilt and the ambiguity of the evidence given. In the play, the judges speech, when readRead MoreTwelve Angry Men1446 Words   |  6 PagesReginald Rose and depicts a story about twelve jurors trying to determine if a young boy is found guilty of killing his father. The play starts out in the courtroom where the judge is giving instructions to the jurors on the murder case. It is stated that if the young man is found guilty, he will be charged with a mandatory sentence of the death penalty. It is now up to the twelve men to determine if this young man should be sentenced to death. The twelve men then file into the jury room and sitRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 946 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men For the purpose of this paper I will be using a movie based on a teen male who is on trial for the murder of his father in 1957. There are twelve men on the jury who are from all different areas of society. They have one goal, to decide based on testimony and evidence on whether the accused is guilty or not. The following information is one person’s observation of the movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† using the 5 Stages of Group Development. Keywords: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning

Directing Richard III Free Essays

Shakespeare’s King Richard the Third deals with the theme of corruption by ambition. The play is designed to depict the tragic and rapid downfall of an evil manipulator who murders, lies, and deceives in order to further his lust for power. Due to the fact that Elizabethan drama moves at a decidedly slower place than most modern stories, any modern director of King Richard the Third, who wanted to hold the interest of contemporary audiences might choose to trim or even eliminate some of the long monologues that are a part of the original play. We will write a custom essay sample on Directing Richard III or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good example of where a monologue might be cut is the opening monologue of the play, which is both rhetorically sublime and deservedly famous. In the opening monologue, Richard, who is still the Duke of Gloster, and not yet King, delivers a haunting, expository soliloquy to the audience where he reveals the deep-seated motives for the terrible crimes he will soon commit. After lamenting peace and proclaiming that he is not a lover, Richard says â€Å"†And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover/ To entertain these fair well-spoken days/ I am determined to prove a villain/ And hate the idle pleasures of these days.† (Richard III, 1-1) However, for a modern audience, this exposition is completely unnecessary and, in fact, the suspense of the play would seem to build in an even more starling fashion if Richard did not so overtly express his motives and the audience was made to determine the motives as best they could for themselves as the play develops. The following scene between Richard and Anne, one of the most intense and moving scenes in all of literature, in my opinion, forwards enough of Richard’s essentially sociopathic personality and delivers enough information concerning his motives to power as the opening scene. Due to the erotic element of the Richard and Anne scene, the deletion of the opening monologue would foster a very powerful sense of acceleration and suspense. Another scene which might be beneficial to cut would be the scene between Richard and Queen Elizabeth here Richard admits to having killed her sons. This scene mirrors the earlier scene between Richard and Anne and is meant to reveal Richard as being as manipulative and persuasive as the devil himself. However, I feel that the scene is somewhat redundant and, again, the information about Richard and aspects of his character development which are integral to this scene are expressed elsewhere, most clearly in those scenes which seem to intimate that Richard is — if not the devil — literally in league with the devil. To further accelerate the plot and to further heighten suspense, these subtle references to black-magic, devils, and the black arts could be magnified. These elements are part of Shakespeare’s original play, but they were originally created with a feeling for the sensibilities of an Elizabethan audience. For a modern audience the elements of deviltry and black magic would have to be exaggerated. One way to do this would be to literally include obvious elements of the supernatural: ghosts, demons, and perhaps even succubi and phantoms who haunt Richard and who inhabit his macabre England. Such a portrayal would also forward the play’s theme of raging, damning ambition by demonstrating how a single person’s dark-vision could unleash terrible, in fact, supernatural power over an entire nation. In cases of the cult-of-personality, such a dynamic is present even if it is not literally based in the supernatural. The supernatural, however, offers a great way to symbolize the power of demagogues and ambitious leaders that make stark and dramatic statements possible. All in all, if I were directing King Richard the Third I would change very little from Shakespeare’s original play. The reason that I would choose to keep the play as close to the original as possible is because I feel the play is already a single, harmonious whole which can be rightly considered one of the greatest tragedies in the English language. I am willing to concede that modern audiences may need a swifter-moving plot and a few embellishments like obvious black magic and devils, but in the long run, Shakespeare’s original vision and his original language would still probably prove to be very compelling, memorable, and cathartic for any audience. How to cite Directing Richard III, Papers

My Struggle Essays (526 words) - Catholic Spirituality,

My Struggle Since I was young, there have always been a struggle between my parents and I. This situation began when my father passed away when I was three years old. I have lived with my mother and Step-father ever since. Although I love them both, we do not always seem to see eye to eye on many issues. The cause of this is in part due to my wild nature. I like to stay out late and do things that if caught could get me in lots of trouble. I am under the impression that they resent my relationship with my grandmother. I like to stay often with my grandmother rather than at home, which they do not understand. I have stayed with my grandmother every weekend since my father became sick with cancer, in 1982. After my father passed away in 1983, I continued to visit her. My mother and stepfather both respect my father's mother a great deal, and would do anything for her. But they fail to see why I want to spend so much time with her. My grandmother is a large influence in my life. She has, and still does, so much for me. Nanny has always had a big heart for her family, but no one is as close to her as myself. Since I was two years old, my grandmother and I have gone out and done many things together. We have had many great memories together which I will remember for the rest of my life. We have gone out to eat, watched many baseball games togather, bone bowling, amd many other things. If my parents could only realize how strongly I feel about her and the time I spend with my her. I wish they could be a little more considerate of my feelings and not put me in the position that they often do. The relationship between my grandmother and I has been tested many times. As I was getting older, my parents would try to find things that would keep me from visiting her during the. They would find things such as mowing the lawn, washing cars, and doing house chores. These thing they know I hate to do, but they seemed to want them done anyway. Though they do not mind when I spend some time with my grandmother, they feel that I should spend more time with them. My senior year in high school was the time that they really were getting to me. Nanny broke her arm one day when she fell down in the kitchen. Since then I have moved in with her. They felt that this was a bad decision. I do love my parents dearly, but I felt that it was the best thing at the time. As of this day I do not regret the decisions that I have made in regards to spending time with my grandmother. I love and respect my parents, still but wish that they would not put me in the positions that they do. Since I began attending college, my parents have been a little more reasonable about the entire situation. This does not mean that they do not still give me a hard time. I just hope that by the time I finish with college they will understand how I feel, and not worry me about as much as they do. English Essays

The Need for Federal Government in Education essays

The Need for Federal Government in Education essays The Need for Federal Government Involvement in Education Reform For centuries, generations of families have congregated in the same community or in the same general region of the country. Children grew up expecting to earn a living much like their fathers and mothers or other adults in their community. Any advanced skills they required beyond the three R's (Readin', Ritin' and Rithmatik) were determined by the local community and incorporated into the curriculum of the local schools. These advanced skills were taught to the up- and-coming generation so they could become a vital part of their community. The last several decades has greatly expanded the bounds of the "community" to almost anywhere in the country or anywhere in the world for that matter. Advances in transportation and communication has made the world a much smaller place then the world we knew as children. The skills our children need to realize parents' perpetual dream of "their children having a better life" are no longer limited to those seen in the local area. It is becoming more and more apparent that the education system of yesterday cannot adequately prepare students for life and work in the 21st Century. These concerns have prompted people across the country to take a hard look at our education system and to organize their efforts to chance the education system as we know it. There are two major movements in recent years whose focus is to enhance the education of future generations. The "Standards" movement focuses on educational content and raising the standards of traditional teaching and measurement means and methods. The "Outcome Based Education" (OBE) movement is exploring new ways of designing education and changing the way we measure the effectiveness of education by focusing on results or outcomes. In September 1989, President Bush and the nation's governors called an Education Summit in Charlottesvi...